Medical Trauma: Dealing with Psychological Responses to Medical Events
June 7, 2023
Nic Schmoyer was pursuing his Master of Science degree in Mental Health Counseling at PCOM when a class project sparked his interest in medical trauma. During a trauma
counseling course, Schmoyer and his group were tasked with creating training for medical
students to recognize and address medical trauma.
“From there, I immersed myself in literature related to traumatic experiences in medical
settings and the associated biopsychosocial consequences,” Schmoyer said. “This led
to intentional efforts to seek out experiences where I could prepare healthcare professionals
to prevent and respond to medical trauma, and directly provide psychotherapy to those
who have had traumatic healthcare experiences.”
Now, as a second-year doctoral student in counselor education and supervision at Old
Dominion University, Schmoyer is applying the skills he acquired at PCOM to helping
patients who are dealing with concerns associated with medical trauma.
What is medical trauma?
Medical trauma is the experience of traumatic stress as a result of interactions with
the medical system, which may include procedures (i.e., surgeries), new diagnoses
(i.e., cancer), and professionals in healthcare settings. These healthcare settings
may include primary care clinics, general hospitals, and specialty medical clinics,
among others.
What are some examples of medical trauma?
Common experiences that may be related to medical trauma include medical events (i.e.,
heart attack, stroke) or procedures (i.e., emergency cesarean section, intubation
due to COVID-19 infection).
“There is no standard example or experience for medical trauma,” Schmoyer explained.
“A common thread between traumatic medical experiences that may contribute to medical
trauma is the real or perceived threat to life as a result of an event or interaction
within a healthcare setting.”
What are the symptoms of medical trauma?
The symptoms of medical trauma can vary greatly and are highly subjective. They may
include intrusive thoughts or memories of the traumatic event, avoidance of medical
procedures or settings, anxiety, depression, anger, and feelings of helplessness or
hopelessness. Some individuals may also experience physical symptoms such as headaches,
insomnia, and fatigue.
“It is important to recognize that there are no set symptoms for individuals who are
experiencing medical trauma,” Schmoyer said. “If you are experiencing a significant
deviation in your behavioral health that greatly affects various domains in your life
after a major medical event, procedure, or interaction, you may be experiencing symptoms
related to medical trauma.”
How do you treat medical trauma?
Medical trauma can be targeted using evidence-based counseling approaches that have
been shown to be effective in the treatment of trauma.
According to Schmoyer, these approaches may include cognitive behavior therapy, cognitive
processing therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and prolonged exposure therapy.
“Within these treatment approaches, individuals who are experiencing medical trauma
can expect a trained professional to assist them in processing their experiences,”
Schmoyer said.
This may entail examining patterns and engaging in new patterns that can be helpful
in meaningfully re-engaging with medical settings and professionals. Depending on
client and physician comfort, a client’s primary care physician or psychiatrist may
prescribe medications as a supplement to psychotherapeutic treatment.
However, Schmoyer cautioned, this may be contingent on physician comfort and awareness
of medical trauma, the presence of diagnostic symptoms related to trauma and/or stressor-related
disorders, and other factors.
“It is important to follow up with a trained behavioral health professional so that
they can assess your symptoms and provide you with a tailored behavioral health treatment
plan,” Schmoyer advised.
Can you get PTSD from medical trauma?
PTSD may be diagnosed after a medically traumatic event (i.e., procedure, acute medical
concern) if there was exposure to actual or threatened death. Additionally, certain
clinicians may diagnose PTSD if an individual has enduring symptoms related to recurrent
exposure to real or perceived danger as a result of enduring somatic threat (EST)
related to the symptoms and experiences of the chronic condition.
The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—the
DSM-5-TR—does not specifically indicate that PTSD can be diagnosed as a result of
interactions with a life-threatening illness, Schmoyer explained. Other diagnoses
that may be applicable include mood disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder), anxiety
disorders (e.g., panic disorder, agoraphobia), or other trauma and stressor-related
disorders (e.g., acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder).
“In the process of gathering information and administering diagnostic assessments,
a behavioral health clinician can help you determine what would be the most appropriate
diagnosis, if one is needed, to help you place a name to your experience, give you
the treatment that will be most effective, and help you receive financial assistance
through insurance if applicable,” Schmoyer said.
A Holistic Approach to Health and Wellness
As a graduate student at PCOM, Schmoyer had the opportunity to engage in interprofessional
collaboration through interprofessional education (IPE) seminars.
“This introduced me to the skills, knowledge, and values of other professionals, allowing
for a holistic approach to health and wellness,” he said.
The experience, he explained, provided a better understanding of how to broach the
topic of trauma-informed medical systems to leaders and clinicians in interdisciplinary
healthcare settings, share values related to professional counseling and behavioral
health with other professionals, and incorporate the strengths of various types of
providers to enhance the provision of biopsychosocial health and wellness services.
Schmoyer further credits the advanced training he received in cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with contributing to his
ability to critically conceptualize each individual’s concerns and apply evidence-based
practices to promote their health and wellness.
“My degree at PCOM helped prepare me to provide trauma-informed behavioral health
services in a sensitive, effective manner,” Schmoyer explained. “PCOM also allowed
me to learn how to effectively work as part of an interdisciplinary healthcare team,
which is a vital component for preventing and responding to medical trauma in healthcare
settings.”
Schmoyer advises anyone who may be suffering from medical trauma to connect with a
behavioral health clinician. Additionally, Schmoyer encourages patients to not be
afraid to advocate for their needs and experiences when in medical settings in the
future.
“As a client and patient in healthcare settings, you have the right to request compassionate,
trauma-informed care,” he explained.
Individuals should talk with their providers and express any concerns. Schmoyer also
suggests exploring whether the medical setting being utilized offers behavioral health
consultations or appointments, as the availability of these services are rising.
“If medical trauma is addressed within the silo of behavioral health, we are missing
a crucial component of healing from medically traumatic events,” Schmoyer said. “Only
through a team-based approach can we truly recognize and address medical trauma.”